Virtually all of the simulation done so far was with the GDB instruction set simulator. As a basic instruction set simulator, it was limited to executing instructions found in typical "user level" applications. And, if you recall, all interaction with the outside world happened through magic software interrupts that were intercepted by the simulator. I wrote about this interaction way back here: http://spindazzle.org/greenblog/index.php?/archives/107-ggx-Hello-World!.html.
Instruction set simulators are interesting for one reason: they're easy to write! It's simple to whip up a sim in the early stages of toolchain development in order to test your tools. In fact, almost every GCC port has a corresponding instruction set simulator to test the compiler's output. On the other hand, the basic instruction set simulator is not capable of running more interesting software, like operating system kernels, because they don't simulate any of the ancillary features of a microprocessor: peripherals, timers, interrupt controllers, MMUs, etc. This is where system simulators come into play.
For the moxie toolchain, I've selected the popular qemu simulator. Several months ago I wrote about my start with qemu here: http://spindazzle.org/greenblog/index.php?/archives/123-qemu-ggx-softmmu-starts-crawling.html. Well, a lot of that work had to be rewritten for the new qemu (version 0.10 was just released last week). Qemu switched from a simple template compiler to using a real C compiler backend from the Tiny C Compiler project. The template compiler (dyngen) stitched together fragments of pre-compiled code at runtime, while the new TCG backend is a proper x86 compiler with simple optimization passes.
In practice, this wasn't a huge amount of work. The translator still looks like a huge switch statement where we handle each opcode. For instance, here's a register-to-register move:
case 0x02: /* mov (register-to-register) */
{
int dest = (opcode >> 4) & 0xf;
int src = opcode & 0xf;
tcg_gen_mov_i32(REG(dest), REG(src));
}
tcg_gen_mov_i32 generates the intermediate code to move the value
between registers.
Once I had implemented support for enough instructions, I was able to run a trivial Hello World program straight through:
$ cat hello.c
#include <stdio.h>
int main()
{
puts ("Hello World!");
return 0;
}
$ moxie-elf-gcc -o hello.x hello.c
$ qemu-system-moxie -nographic -kernel hello.x
qemu: fatal: Trying to execute code outside RAM or ROM at 0x00000000
pc=0x00000000
$fp=0x00000000 $sp=0x0000000c $r0=0x00000001 $r1=0x000055c4
$r2=0x00000000 $r3=0x00000000 $r4=0x001ffff4 $r5=0x00000000
$r6=0x00000000 $r7=0x00000000 $r8=0x00000000 $r9=0x00000000
$r10=0x00000000 $r11=0x00000000 $r12=0x00000000 $r13=0xfffffff4
Aborted
Oops. Two problems: no "Hello, World" output and the fatal error. The fatal error is simple to explain. The moxie qemu port defines a virtual hardware platform, with physical memory mapped way up at 0x8000000. Somehow the simulator is trying to execute code outside of our physical memory range. The reason turns out to be simple. Unlike our simple instruction set simulator, system simulators like qemu don't expect to run programs that "exit". They're designed to run operating systems that start running and never finish. If you look carefully above you'll see that I'm asking qemu to run a "kernel" called hello.x. Well, hello.x is actually just a regular user program that exits. In this case, the processor is running off of the end of the __init entry point and pulling an uninitialized return address off of the stack, sending us off to execute code at 0x00000000.
But where is "Hello, World"? We're still linking in libgloss, which is trying to "_write" output with our special software interrupt. That's not going to work here. We don't want to implement magic IO in a system simulator. We want to simulate real IO! One of the beautiful things about qemu is that it comes with a wealth of simulated peripherals that you can hook up to your processor. So, for now, let's just send all output to a simulated serial port. Qemu makes this very simple. In the module that defines our hardware platform, we just add:
/* A single 16450 sits at offset 0x3f8. */
if (serial_hds[0])
serial_mm_init(0x3f8, 0, env->irq[4], 8000000/16, serial_hds[0], 1);
Now we just have to override the _write in libgloss to write to the 16450 UART which has been mapped to memory at 0x3f8. Qemu's default setting has all serial port output going to the console. So now....
$ cat hello.c
#include <stdio.h>
int _write (int fd, char *buf, int len)
{
int i = 0;
while (i < len)
*(char *)0x3f8 = buf[i++];
return len;
}
int main()
{
puts ("Hello World!");
return 0;
}
$ moxie-elf-gcc -o hello.x hello.c
$ ./qemu-system-moxie -nographic -kernel hello.x
Hello World!qemu: fatal: Trying to execute code outside RAM or ROM at 0x00000000
pc=0x00000000
$fp=0x00000000 $sp=0x0000000c $r0=0x00000001 $r1=0x000055c4
$r2=0x00000000 $r3=0x00000000 $r4=0x001ffff4 $r5=0x00000000
$r6=0x00000000 $r7=0x00000000 $r8=0x00000000 $r9=0x00000000
$r10=0x00000000 $r11=0x00000000 $r12=0x00000000 $r13=0xfffffff4
Aborted
Very nice!